Geneva: The Nurse Who Poisoned Her Patients

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[SPEAKER_00]: on a warm June afternoon, in 1868.

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[SPEAKER_00]: At the Pinchion des Aza Nesbording House, in Geneva's plain poly-district, 24-year-old Marie Catherine Fritz, accepted a glass of lemonade from her new friend.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The woman who painted her the glass was a nurse named Marie Genare, within moments, Fritz's

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[SPEAKER_00]: Her pupils dilated for a testically.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Her heart pounded so violently she could feel it against her ribs.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Delirium, seized her mind, and reality warped into nightmare.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The room tilted and spun, faces became distorted.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She couldn't tell what was real.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The doctor summoned to her bedside, took one look at those grotesquely dilated pupils, and the violent tremors racking her body and recognized the symptoms immediately.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Bella Donna poisoning.

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[SPEAKER_00]: More crucially, he suspected foul play.

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[SPEAKER_00]: his decision to run to the Campano hospital, saved her life.

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[SPEAKER_00]: And it broke open a case that would expose, one of Switzerland's most prolific serial killers, that glass of lemonade ended everything, but the story that would emerge was far more disturbing that anyone imagined

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[SPEAKER_00]: Marie Gina Ray had poisoned at least six people to death and attempted to murder perhaps, 30 more.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She had no comprehensible motive, no greed, no jealousy, no escape from unhappy circumstances.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She killed, it seemed, because she found beauty and watching people suffer.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Hello friend, I'm Shane Waters.

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[SPEAKER_00]: This is foul play, and this is the case of Marie-Generet, the Poisoner who abolished death.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Between 1865 and 1868, in the respectable boarding houses and private hospitals of Geneva, a nurse moved from a household to household, from patient to patient,

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[SPEAKER_00]: Wherever she went, people died, 11-year-old children, elderly widows, entire families.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Her method was both calculated and cruel.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Her poison of choice was cutting edge for the 1860s, plant alcholords, like atropine from Belladana, or morphine from opium poppies,

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[SPEAKER_00]: Substances so difficult to detect in corpses, as she might never have been caught.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She offered candy to children, she called princesses.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She served sweetened water to friends.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She predicted deaths before they happened, not because she had medical insight, but because she knew exactly when the poison would finish its work.

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[SPEAKER_00]: When authorities finally exhumed the bodies, they found the chemical signatures of murder and decomposing tissue.

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[SPEAKER_00]: When they brought her to trial, even the jury was horrified by the evidence.

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[SPEAKER_00]: But the verdict they reached would create one of criminal histories most profound paradoxes.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Marijuna races crimes were so shocking, her guilt so overwhelming, and the jury's response so merciful, that her case helped abolish the death penalty in Geneva three years later.

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[SPEAKER_00]: A serial killer became an inadvertent performer.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The poisoner who took lives ultimately saved them, not in any ways she intended.

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[SPEAKER_00]: This is her story and the stories of those she killed.

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[SPEAKER_01]: In the archives of Swiss criminal history, few names of Oca's much intrigue and horror as Maria Jean-Array, a woman who had become one of Switzerland's most notorious serial killers.

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[SPEAKER_01]: One in 1836 in the picturesque Swiss town of Locke, Jean-Array's early life gave little indication of the darkness that would later define her legacy.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Sadly, she was orphaned at a young age and was taken in by her uncle.

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[SPEAKER_01]: It was then that her behaviour started to change, as she became obsessed with her own health.

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[SPEAKER_01]: She would pest the doctors, though they believed that many have her symptoms were imaginary.

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[SPEAKER_01]: One noted her preference for treatments over remedies, saying that she was particularly keen if they were painful.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The doctor said that she used to demand he burn her back with a red hot iron, which was clearly a procedure that she had had before because her spine was covered in welts.

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[SPEAKER_01]: She trained as a nurse, a profession that would later provide her with both the means and the opportunity to carry out her heinous crimes.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Those who knew her in her youth described her as caring and attentive, traits that made her particularly successful in her chosen field, however beneath her composed exterior they had troubled soul.

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[SPEAKER_01]: As she entered her 30s, genre began to display increasingly erratic behaviour.

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[SPEAKER_01]: or started as small incidents of theft and fraud, would eventually escalate into a series of calculated murders that would shock the nation and leave an indelible mark on Swiss criminal history.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Maria Jean-Araise dissent into murder began in 1868, when she took a position as a private nurse for wealthy families in Geneva.

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[SPEAKER_01]: A first victim was Marie Gretea, a 61-year-old widow who had hired John Array to care for her during a minor illness.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Within weeks of John Array's employment, Gretea's condition mysteriously deteriorated and she died in excruciating pain.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The death was initially attributed to natural causes, a misconception that would allow John Array to continue her killing spree unchecked for years to come.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Her youngest victim was 11-year-old Jenny Julie Jivey.

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[SPEAKER_01]: To whom she gave last bomb bombs that she called princesses.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Let's talk about who died, because Marie-Generes' victims weren't random.

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[SPEAKER_00]: They were people who trusted her completely, who invited her into their homes during their most vulnerable moments.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Who believed she would heal them.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Marie-Gradia was 61 years old when she hired Juno Ray to care for her during what should have been a minor illness in early 1867.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Gradia was a widow living comfortably in Geneva.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She needed someone reliable to help her through a few weeks of recovery.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Instead, she suffered through weeks of escalating agony before dying in February 1867.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The doctor listed gastric illness as the cause, no one suspected murder.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Sophie Jova, 58 years old, died in September, 1867, at the Mayzone Donsonté.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The private hospital, Regina May, worked as a nurse.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Sophie was Jenny Julie's mother, the woman who would watch her daughter die next.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Jenny Julie Jovae was 11 years old.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Just 11.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She loved candy.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She trusted the nice nurse who brought her special bond bonds and called her princess.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Gina Ray gave her poisoned candy some time in late 1867.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The child suffered for weeks before dying in January 1868.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Before she died, she begged

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[SPEAKER_00]: They thought she was delirious from fever.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She wasn't delirious.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She knew.

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[SPEAKER_00]: August Payrod, around 80 years old, died at the Mayzone de Sonte, in January 1868, shortly after Jenny Jule, two deaths in the same private hospital within weeks should have raised alarms.

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[SPEAKER_00]: It didn't.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Louise Marie Lennewar, 72 years old.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Dye between May and June, 1867.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She was a patient at the Mason-Daisonte, with Gina Ray who was employed there.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Her death seems natural at the time.

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[SPEAKER_00]: It wasn't.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Then there were the victims at the boarding house level.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Madame Han, Demoiselle Gay, and Demoiselle Geno all died under Gina Ray's care.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The institution developed a reputation for having surprisingly high mortality rates.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The administrators assumed they were simply accepting more severely ill patients.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Julie Bouvier died May 22nd, 1868.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She was being cared for by Gina Ré at a private residence.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Jack's Grawl, Julie Bouvier's father died shortly after his daughter.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Both deaths occurred under Gina Ré's nursing care.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Both were attributed to natural causes initially, and there were survivors, people who lived, but only barely, only because someone recognized the symptoms and acted fast enough.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Marie Catherine Frutsis, 24 years old, survived the Belladana poisoning in June 1868,

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[SPEAKER_00]: Her survival broke the case open.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She spent days in Delirium.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Her pupils grow testically dilated.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Her heart racing, her mind trapped in hallucinations.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She survived.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She would never forget those hours.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Mammuzelle Perté survived attempted poisoning, but temporarily lost her vision from the Belladana.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Mademla's array survived because her doctor recognized the signs of Belladana poisoning, in time to intervene.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She lived, but she understood how close she'd come to dying.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Those are the people, marine genome-ray tried to destroy.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Some died, some survived, all of them trusted her.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Here's what made Marie-Junaway so dangerous.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She understood exactly what she was doing.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She had medical training, she knew anatomy, she knew symptoms.

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[SPEAKER_00]: And most crucially, she knew about plant aquilords, the cutting-edge poisons of the 1860s.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Her primary weapon was Belladana.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Also called Deadly Nightshade.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The active ingredient is a tropamine, an alkaloid that attacks the nervous system.

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[SPEAKER_00]: In the 1860s, a tropamine was used in legitimate medicine, doctors prescribed it for various conditions, but in higher doses, it becomes a terrifying poison.

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[SPEAKER_00]: But a dime of poisoning produces distinctive symptoms.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Widely dilate pupils, the eyes become grotesque, the pupils so large they dwarf the iris.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Rapid heartbeat that feels your chest is exploding.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Extreme sensitivity to light.

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[SPEAKER_00]: hallucinations that make reality dissolve into nightmare, dry mouth, flushed skin, fever, confusion, delirium, and high doses, Belladana causes seizures, respiratory failure, and death.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The victim essentially suffocates as their nervous system shuts down.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Her secondary weapon was morphine, derived from opium poppies.

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[SPEAKER_00]: morphine was also used legitimately in 1860's medicine for pain relief, but in excessive doses it suppresses breathing until the victim simply stops inhaling.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The death looks peaceful from the outside.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The victim often appears to be sleeping, but internally, they're suffocating.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The genius of Gina Race's method was her access.

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[SPEAKER_00]: As a nurse, she had legitimate reasons to possess these substances.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She administered medicine to her patients.

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[SPEAKER_00]: No one questioned why she was preparing their food, mixing their drinks, or measuring out their medications.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She had professional cover for every action.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She typically mix the poisons into food or beverages, sweet items worked the best, lemonade, sweetened water, candy.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The alcoholords are somewhat bitter, but sugar masks the taste effectively.

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[SPEAKER_00]: For children, she used bomb bonds, little candies she called princesses.

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[SPEAKER_00]: For adults, she offered refreshing drinks, especially in warm weather when people with thirsty.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Her dosing strategy varied depending on her goals.

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[SPEAKER_00]: For some victims, she administered low doses over time, creating a slow decline that mimicked natural illness.

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[SPEAKER_00]: This approach provided cover, doctors would diagnose gastric illness, general decline, or complications from existing conditions.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The victim would seem to rally occasionally, then decline again.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Gina Ray would document those fluctuations in her nursing notes, creating a medical record that appeared professional and attentive.

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[SPEAKER_00]: For others, particularly toward the end of her killing spray, she used massive doses intended to kill quickly.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The Belladana she gave to Marie Kathrine

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[SPEAKER_00]: the symptoms appeared within minutes and were grotesquely pronounced.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She kept detailed nursing notes about her victims' conditions.

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[SPEAKER_00]: These notes served multiple purposes.

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[SPEAKER_00]: They documented the natural progression of illness, deflecting suspicion.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Satisfied the medical establishments where she worked,

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[SPEAKER_00]: And they allowed her to track the effectiveness of her poisoning regimen.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She wrote with clinical precision about symptoms, decline, and death, documenting her own crimes in professional language.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The most chilling aspect was her ability to predict deaths.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She would tell colleagues, days and advance, that a particular patient wouldn't survive.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She'd say it with medical authority, as if she had diagnostic insight.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She didn't.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She simply knew when the poison would finish its work.

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[SPEAKER_00]: For three years, this method protected her.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Doctors attributed death to natural causes.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Families think her for her attentive care during their loved ones' final days.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The medical establishments where she worked considered her a skilled, dedicated nurse.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Until Marie Catherine Fretz's survived in the doctor treating her, recognized exactly what those symptoms meant.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The first signs that something sinister was occurring emerged when Dr Henry Lombard, noticed an unusual pattern of death, amongst patients under Maria Shonare's care.

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[SPEAKER_01]: What initially appeared as a tragic coincidence began to take on a more suspicious nature, as he reviewed medical records spanning several years.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The recurring pattern of mysterious gastric illnesses, followed by slow decline and death, caught his attention.

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[SPEAKER_00]: but it was Marie Catherine Fretz's survival in June 1868 that transformed suspicion into action.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Her doctors seeing those grotesquely diluted pupils and recognizing Belladana poisoning immediately.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Didn't just treat her.

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[SPEAKER_00]: He contacted authorities because there was no legitimate reason for a healthy 24-year-old woman at a boarding house to ingest Belladana.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Geneva police questioned Marie Junare on June 16, 1868.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Initially, she denied everything, but investigators had already begun piecing together the pattern.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Too many deaths, too many, and Junare's presence, too many with similar symptoms.

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[SPEAKER_00]: They obtained a warrant to search for rooms.

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[SPEAKER_00]: What they found was damning.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Bottles, a balladana extract, containers of morphine, medical supplies that no private nurse should possess in those quantities.

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[SPEAKER_00]: And most chilling, her detailed nursing notes, documenting every symptom, every decline, every death.

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[SPEAKER_00]: authorities ordered exclamation.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Over the following weeks, they dug up bodies from various cemeteries around Geneva.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The corpses of Mauree Gratia, Gini Julie Jovey, Sophie Jovey, and others were examined by medical experts.

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[SPEAKER_00]: the forensic analysis was groundbreaking for 1868.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Swiss medical examiners tested tissue samples for alkaloid compounds.

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[SPEAKER_00]: They found chemical signatures consistent with Belladana and morphine poisoning and multiple bodies.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The evidence was irrefutable, faced with the physical evidence and the testimony of survivors like Fred Zahes and Mammazel Berté, Maureen Jeanorei eventually confessed to at least six murders and numerous attempted murders.

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[SPEAKER_00]: But investigators suspected the actual number was higher, much higher.

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[SPEAKER_00]: They arrested her formally in July 1868 and held her for trial.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The case shocked Switzerland.

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[SPEAKER_00]: A nurse, someone's society trusted implicitly to heal and care, had been systematically poisoning patients for years.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The betrayal of professional trust was almost incomprehensible.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The trial was set for late 1868, and it would become one of the most significant criminal proceedings in Swiss history.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The trial of Marie-Generet opened in Geneva in late 1868.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The courtroom was packed.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The public fascination was intense.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Switzerland had never seen anything quite like this.

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[SPEAKER_00]: A female serial killer who used medical knowledge to murder systematically.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The prosecution presented overwhelming evidence.

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[SPEAKER_00]: They exhumed bodies with chemical traces of poison.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The survivors' testimony about their symptoms, the bottles of Belladana and morphine, bound in Gina Rays' possession.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Her own detailed nursing notes that inadvertently documented her crimes,

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[SPEAKER_00]: Marie Catherine Fritz's testified about the glass of lemonade.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The terrifying hallucinations, the grotesque violation of her pupils.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Mammazelle Bertay, described losing her vision after Jean-Array gave her medicine.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Medical experts explained how Belladana and morphine kill.

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[SPEAKER_00]: For Rinsic specialist presented their analysis of the poison tissue, the defense attempted to argue mental instability.

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[SPEAKER_00]: They claimed Gina Ray must be insane, no rational person would commit such acts.

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[SPEAKER_00]: They pointed to her obsession with her own health.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Her history of self-harm with the Red Hot Iron.

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[SPEAKER_00]: They suggested she was driven by madness rather than malice.

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[SPEAKER_01]: As the trial progressed, the defense attempts to portray Shonore as mentally unstable gained little traction.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The methodical nature of her crimes documented in her own precise handwriting, painted a picture of a calculating killer, rather than someone driven by madness.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The public's initial fascination gradually turned to horror, as the full scope of her crimes became clear through the trial's proceedings.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The jury deliberated.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The evidence was overwhelming.

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[SPEAKER_00]: My region array had murdered at least six people, and attempted to murder dozens more.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She had portrayed the most sacred trust, the nurse's duty to heal, not harm.

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[SPEAKER_00]: She had systematically poisoned vulnerable patients for no comprehensible reason beyond the apparent pleasure of watching them suffer.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Under Swiss law in 1868, multiple murders, with premeditation, carried the death penalty.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Everyone expected the jury to condemn her to execution.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Instead, on November 19th, 1868, the jury were trying to verdict that stunned the courtroom.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Guilty on all counts, but they recommended clemency.

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[SPEAKER_00]: They asked that the death penalty not be imposed.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The judges bound by the jury's recommendation, sentence Marie-Ginore to life imprisonment,

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[SPEAKER_00]: the public reaction was mixed, some praised the jury's mercy.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Others were horrified that such a prolific killer would be allowed to live.

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[SPEAKER_00]: But the verdict set something in motion that would change Swiss law forever.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The case of Maria Jean-Array continues to class the long shadow over Swiss criminal history.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Her actions fundamentally transform the country's approach to medical safety and criminal investigation, establishing precedence that would influence decades of policy and procedure.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The implementation of strict poison control measures, including detailed recollecting of sales and mandatory identification checks, can be traced directly back to the gaps exposed by her case.

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[SPEAKER_01]: In the realm of criminal investigation, John Ares case marked one of the first instances where forensic medicine played a crucial role in securing a conviction in Switzerland.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The methodical analysis of poison traces and the careful documentation of symptoms set new standards for medical evidence in criminal proceedings.

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[SPEAKER_01]: This scientific approach to criminal investigation became a model for future cases, particularly those involved with suspected poisonings.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The healthcare industry underwent significant reforms in the wake of her trial.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Background checks became more thorough.

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[SPEAKER_01]: References were more carefully vetted, and supervision of medical staff was enhanced.

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[SPEAKER_01]: These changes ripple throughout Europe, as other countries took note of the Swiss reforms, and implemented similar measures to prevent such abuses of medical trust.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Perhaps most significantly,

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[SPEAKER_01]: The idea that a healthcare professional could systematically murder patients, while maintaining our appearance of respectability, forced society to confront uncomfortable truths about human nature.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Her case is still studied by criminal justice and psychologists, offering insights into the complex psychology of healthcare serial killers.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Today, Maria genre's name remains synonymous with betrayal of medical trust in Switzerland.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Her case is regularly referenced in medical ethics courses and criminal justice programs, serving as a stark reminder of the importance of institutional safeguards.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The systematic change is implemented in response to her crimes, have undoubtedly saved countless lives, creating a lasting legacy that transform tragedy into meaningful reform.

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[SPEAKER_00]: And there's one more legacy.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The most paradoxal one.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Three years after Maruy Ginoreza's trial in 1871, the Canton of Geneva abolished the death penalty.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Her case was cited as a key example during the debates.

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[SPEAKER_00]: A jury had looked at overwhelming evidence of serial murder, and chosen mercy over execution.

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[SPEAKER_00]: That decision revealed something profound about society's evolving relationship with capital punishment.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The Poisoner who took at least six lives became part of the movement that saved countless others from execution, not because she deserved mercy, not because her crimes weren't heinous, but because her case forced Swiss society to confront the fundamental question, should the state have the power to kill, even in response to murder?

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[SPEAKER_00]: Marie Gina Ray died in prison decades later, her name's synonymous with betrayal and murder.

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[SPEAKER_00]: But the death penalty she escaped helped in the death penalty itself.

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[SPEAKER_00]: That's the paradox she left behind.

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[SPEAKER_00]: The prisoner who abolished death.

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[SPEAKER_00]: But let's not end with her.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Let's end with them.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Sophie Jovae, 58, who watched helplessly as the same nurse later killed her daughter.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Jenny Julie Jovae, 11 years old, who begged her family not to let the nurse near her anymore.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Auguste Pedro, around 80, who died shortly after Jenny Julie.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Louise Marie and Le Nua, 72, who died between May and June, 1867,

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[SPEAKER_00]: Medem Han, Demwazel Gae, and Demwazel Zano, all who died at the Mason Days on Teh.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Julie Buvie, who died May 22, 1868.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Jack Croch, Julie Buvie is his father, who died shortly after his daughter.

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[SPEAKER_00]: In the survivors, Marie Catherine Fred Sahes, whose terror in those delirious hours broke

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[SPEAKER_00]: Madam Nazareh, who survived only because her doctor recognized the symptoms in time.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Marie-Generes' real legacy isn't the death penalty abolition, or even the health care reforms that followed her crimes.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Her real legacy is what happens when society places absolute trust and those who wear the uniform of care.

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[SPEAKER_00]: When medical professionals betray the most sacred duty, to heal and not harm, when warning signs are ignored, because the perpetrator seems so respectable, so composed, so caring.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Jenny Julie Zove, begged her mother not to let the nurse come near her anymore.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Those were warning signs.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Dr. Lumbar noticed the patterns of death.

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[SPEAKER_00]: That was a warning sign.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Marie Catherine Fredsehess survived with grotesque symptoms that clearly indicated poisoning.

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[SPEAKER_00]: That was the final warning that couldn't be ignored.

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[SPEAKER_00]: That's the legacy worth remembering, not the killer, not the sensational trial, with the people who died and the warning signs that were there all along.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Until next time, remember, sometimes the most dangerous people are those who appear most respectable, who claim to act out of care while administering poison.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Listen when children beg for protection.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Pay attention when doctors observe patterns they've never seen before.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Question when the same caregiver is present at death, after death, after death.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Those warning signs matter.

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[SPEAKER_00]: Thanks for listening, friend.